How They Work
Electric motors and generators are two sides of the same electromagnetic principle. They both rely on the interaction between magnetic fields and electric currents.
Electric Motor
An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works through the interaction between:
- A magnetic field (usually from permanent magnets)
- An electric current flowing through a coil
When current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field that interacts with the field from the magnets, causing the coil to rotate.
Key Principle: The motor effect - when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force.
Electric Generator
An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works through electromagnetic induction:
- A coil rotates in a magnetic field
- This motion induces an electric current in the coil
The direction of the current changes as the coil rotates, creating alternating current (AC).
Key Principle: Faraday's Law - a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (voltage) in a conductor.
Key Components
Both devices share similar components:
- Stator: The stationary part that provides a magnetic field
- Rotor: The rotating part with coils of wire
- Commutator: Reverses current direction in motors (not always in generators)
- Brushes: Conduct electricity to/from the moving commutator
Interactive Visualization
Current State: Electric Motor - Converts electrical energy to mechanical rotation.
Rotation Speed: Medium
Direction: Clockwise